Standard Letters
Letter Name

     A   ah 

     B   beh 

     C   tseh 

     D   deh 

     E   eh 

     F   eff 

     G   geh 

     H   ha 

     I   ih 

     J   jott 

     K   kah 

     L   el 

     M   em 

     N   en 

     O   oh 

     P   peh 

     Q   kuh 

     R   err 

     S   ess 

     T   teh 

     U   uh 

     V   fau 

     W   weh 

     X   iks 

     Y   üpsilon 

     Z   tset 
 

• Ä (pronounced like "eh")
  
• Ö (pronounced similar to "eu")
  
• Ü (pronounced like the French "u")
  

They are capitalized.

Articles There are definite (der, die, das) and
indefinite (ein, eine) articles that change with case and gender.

Pronouns Personal pronouns (ich, du, er/sie/es, wir, ihr, sie)
change with case (nominative, accusative, dative).

Verbs Verbs are conjugated based on the subject and tense.
The infinitive form often ends in -en (e.g., gehen).

Adjectives Adjectives can change endings based on gender, case,
and whether they follow a definite or indefinite article.

Word Order The typical sentence structure is
Subject-Verb-Object, but in subordinate clauses, the verb often goes to the end.

Tenses Key tenses include
present, past (simple and perfect), future,
and the subjunctive for conditional statements.

Cases There are four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive,
which affect noun and article endings.

nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive

Prepositions
Prepositions determine the case of the nouns they govern (e.g., mit = dative, für = accusative).

Conjunctions
Common conjunctions include und (and), aber (but), oder (or), weil (because), and dass (that).

Script Direction: Left to right, similar to most Latin scripts.

        A    a
        B    b
        C    c
        D    d
        E    e
        F    f
        G    g
        H    h
        I    i
        J    j
        K    k
        L    l
        M    m
        N    n
        O    o
        P    p
        Q    q
        R    r
        S    s
        T    t
        U    u
        V    v
        W    w
        X    x
        Y    y
        Z    z

• Nouns: Names of people, places, or things cat, Jack, Africa
• Verbs: Action words that indicate what is happening run, eat, think
• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns happy, blue, tall
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs quickly, very, well
• Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition he, she, it, they
• Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other words in, on, at, to
• Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses and, but, or
• Interjections: Express emotions or sudden exclamations wow, ouch, hey

• Complete Sentences: Must have a subject and a verb.
  Example: "She runs."
• Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb must match in number.
  Example: "He runs" (singular) vs. "They run" (plural).
• Use of Articles: "A" before consonant sounds,
  "an" before vowel sounds,
  and "the" for specific items.
  Example: "a book," "an apple," "the car."
  
• Consistent Verb Tenses: Maintain the same tense throughout a sentence.
  Example: "I went to the store and bought milk."
  
• Avoid Double Negatives: Two negatives create a positive.
  Example: "I don’t know anything" instead of "I don’t know nothing."
  
• Active vs. Passive Voice: Use active voice for clarity.
  Example: "Ravi wrote the report" is clearer than "The report was written by Ravi."
  

• Incorrect Question Formation: Invert the subject and auxiliary verb. Example of proper form: "Are you coming?"
  rather than improper: "You are coming?"
  
• Fragmented Sentences: Ensure sentences are complete.
  Example of proper form: "I left early because I was tired"
  rather than improper: "Because I was tired."