1. अ a as in "ago"
2. आ aa as in "father"
3. इ i as in "ill"
4. ई ee as in "see"
5. उ u as in "put"
6. ऊ oo as in "moon"
7. ऋ ri as in "river"
8. ए e as in "bed"
9. ऐ ai as in "high"
10. ओ o as in "go"
11. औ au as in "how"
12. अं am as in "hum"
13. अः ah sound of breath

      क	ka	as in "cat"
      ख	kha	as in "khaki"
      ग	ga	as in "go"
      घ	gha	as in "ghee"
      ङ	nga	as in "sing"
      च	cha	as in "chop"
      छ	chha	as in "catch"
      ज	ja	as in "judge"
      झ	jha	as in "that"
      ञ	nya	as in "canyon"
      ट	ta	retroflex, similar to "t"
      ठ	tha	retroflex, aspirated "t"
      ड	da	retroflex, as in "mud"
      ढ	dha	retroflex, as in "that"
      ण	na	retroflex, as in "run"
      त	ta	as in "tap"
      थ	tha	as in "think"
      द	da	as in "dog"
      ध	dha	as in "this"
      न	na	as in "no"
      प	pa	as in "pat"
      फ	pha	as in "photo"
      ब	ba	as in "bat"
      भ	bha	as in "abhor"
      म	ma	as in "map"
      य	ya	as in "yes"
      र	ra	as in "run"
      ल	la	as in "love"
      व	va	as in "vet"
      श	sha	as in "sure"
      ष	shha	retroflex, as in "sheep"
      स	sa	as in "sun"
      ह	ha	as in "hat"

Writing Direction: The script is written from left to right and has no capital letters.

Basic Grammar for Hindi
Hindi grammar includes several key components that structure the language.

Sentence Structure
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV):
Hindi typically follows this structure.
Example: राम सेब खाता है। (Ram eats an apple.)
Nouns
Gender: Hindi nouns are either masculine or feminine.
Masculine: लड़का (ladka - boy)
Feminine: लड़की (ladki - girl)
Number: Nouns can be singular or plural.
Singular: किताब (kitaab - book)
Plural: किताबें (kitaaben - books)
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns:
मैं (main - I)
तुम (tum - you)
वह (vah - he/she/it)
Possessive Pronouns:
मेरा (mera - my)
तुम्हारा (tumhara - your)
Verbs
Tenses: Verbs change form based on tense.
Present: करता हूँ (kartaa huun - I do)
Past: किया (kiyaa - did)
Future: करूँगा (karungaa - will do)
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the gender and number of the nouns they describe.
Masculine Singular: बड़ा (badaa - big)
Feminine Singular: बड़ी (badi - big)
Plural: बड़े/बड़ी (bade/badi - big)
Basic Sentence Examples
मैं स्कूल जाता हूँ।
(Main school jaata huun - I go to school.)
वह सुंदर है।
(Vah sundar hai - She is beautiful.)
आप क्या कर रहे हैं?
(Aap kya kar rahe hain? - What are you doing?)
Prepositions
Common prepositions include:
में (mein - in)
पर (par - on)
के लिए (ke liye - for)

Script Direction: Left to right, similar to most Latin scripts.

        A    a
        B    b
        C    c
        D    d
        E    e
        F    f
        G    g
        H    h
        I    i
        J    j
        K    k
        L    l
        M    m
        N    n
        O    o
        P    p
        Q    q
        R    r
        S    s
        T    t
        U    u
        V    v
        W    w
        X    x
        Y    y
        Z    z

• Nouns: Names of people, places, or things cat, Jack, Africa
• Verbs: Action words that indicate what is happening run, eat, think
• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns happy, blue, tall
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs quickly, very, well
• Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition he, she, it, they
• Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other words in, on, at, to
• Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses and, but, or
• Interjections: Express emotions or sudden exclamations wow, ouch, hey

• Complete Sentences: Must have a subject and a verb.
  Example: "She runs."
• Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb must match in number.
  Example: "He runs" (singular) vs. "They run" (plural).
• Use of Articles: "A" before consonant sounds,
  "an" before vowel sounds,
  and "the" for specific items.
  Example: "a book," "an apple," "the car."
  
• Consistent Verb Tenses: Maintain the same tense throughout a sentence.
  Example: "I went to the store and bought milk."
  
• Avoid Double Negatives: Two negatives create a positive.
  Example: "I don’t know anything" instead of "I don’t know nothing."
  
• Active vs. Passive Voice: Use active voice for clarity.
  Example: "Ravi wrote the report" is clearer than "The report was written by Ravi."
  

• Incorrect Question Formation: Invert the subject and auxiliary verb. Example of proper form: "Are you coming?"
  rather than improper: "You are coming?"
  
• Fragmented Sentences: Ensure sentences are complete.
  Example of proper form: "I left early because I was tired"
  rather than improper: "Because I was tired."