Letter   Name   Pronunciation

   A   A   as in "father"
   B   B   as in "bat"
   C   C   as in "cat" or soft "c" as in "cent"
   D   D   as in "dog"
   E   E   as in "met" or "they" (long)
   F   F   as in "fan"
   G   G   as in "go" or soft "g" as in "gem"
   H   H   as in "hat"
   I   I   as in "machine"
   J   J   as in "jam" (historically a form of "I")
   K   K   as in "kite"
   L   L   as in "lamp"
   M   M   as in "man"
   N   N   as in "nose"
   O   O   as in "pot" or "more"
   P   P   as in "pen"
   Q   Q   as in "queen" (usually followed by "u")
   R   R   as in "red" (often rolled in Latin)
   S   S   as in "sun"
   T   T   as in "top"
   U   U   as in "put"
   V   V   as in "van" 
   (historically often used for both "u" and "v")
   W   W   as in "water" 
   (used in later Latin and not in classical Latin)
   X   X   as in "box"
   Y   Y   as in "yes" (used mainly in foreign words)
   Z   Z   as in "zebra"

Genitive Possession puellae (of the girl)

Dative Indirect object puellae (to/for the girl)

Accusative Direct object puellam (the girl)

Ablative Means, manner, or accompaniment puella
(by/with/from the girl)
Vocative Direct address puella! (O girl!)

Verbs
Latin verbs are conjugated based on
tense, mood, voice, person, and number:

Tenses
Present: amo (I love)
Imperfect: amabam (I was loving)
Future: amabo (I will love)
Perfect: amavi (I loved)
Pluperfect: amaveram (I had loved)
Future Perfect: amavero (I will have loved)
Moods
Indicative: statements of fact
(e.g., amo)
Subjunctive: hypothetical or desired actions
(e.g., amabam)
Imperative: commands
(e.g., ama!)
Voices
Active: the subject performs the action
(e.g., amamus – we love)
Passive: the subject receives the action
(e.g., amamur – we are loved)
Adjectives
Adjectives in Latin agree with nouns in
gender, number, and case.
They also have declensions similar to nouns.
Gender Forms
Masculine bonus (good)
Feminine bona (good)
Neuter bonum (good)

Pronouns
Latin pronouns also decline according to case, similar to nouns:
Pronoun Nominative Genitive Accusative Ablative
1st Person (I) ego mei me me
2nd Person (you) tu tui te te
3rd Person (he/him) is eius eum eo

Prepositions
Latin prepositions typically govern specific cases:
Ablative: with, from (e.g., a, ab)
Accusative: to, toward (e.g., ad)
Accusative and Ablative: in (e.g., in)

Script Direction: Left to right, similar to most Latin scripts.

        A    a
        B    b
        C    c
        D    d
        E    e
        F    f
        G    g
        H    h
        I    i
        J    j
        K    k
        L    l
        M    m
        N    n
        O    o
        P    p
        Q    q
        R    r
        S    s
        T    t
        U    u
        V    v
        W    w
        X    x
        Y    y
        Z    z

• Nouns: Names of people, places, or things cat, Jack, Africa
• Verbs: Action words that indicate what is happening run, eat, think
• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns happy, blue, tall
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs quickly, very, well
• Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition he, she, it, they
• Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other words in, on, at, to
• Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses and, but, or
• Interjections: Express emotions or sudden exclamations wow, ouch, hey

• Complete Sentences: Must have a subject and a verb.
  Example: "She runs."
• Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb must match in number.
  Example: "He runs" (singular) vs. "They run" (plural).
• Use of Articles: "A" before consonant sounds,
  "an" before vowel sounds,
  and "the" for specific items.
  Example: "a book," "an apple," "the car."
  
• Consistent Verb Tenses: Maintain the same tense throughout a sentence.
  Example: "I went to the store and bought milk."
  
• Avoid Double Negatives: Two negatives create a positive.
  Example: "I don’t know anything" instead of "I don’t know nothing."
  
• Active vs. Passive Voice: Use active voice for clarity.
  Example: "Ravi wrote the report" is clearer than "The report was written by Ravi."
  

• Incorrect Question Formation: Invert the subject and auxiliary verb. Example of proper form: "Are you coming?"
  rather than improper: "You are coming?"
  
• Fragmented Sentences: Ensure sentences are complete.
  Example of proper form: "I left early because I was tired"
  rather than improper: "Because I was tired."